The phenomenon where a straight path is altered or bent, often referring to something that is typically expected to follow a direct course but instead curves or deviates.
A state in which emotions or characteristics are distorted, making them difficult to comprehend in straightforward terms.
The change in direction that occurs when light or sound waves transition from one medium to another at their boundary, affecting how the waves propagate.
The modification of word forms in linguistics to indicate grammatical relations such as tense, number, or case, which reflects the complexity of language structure.
A measure that describes how much light bends, or changes direction, when passing from one medium to another, calculated as the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction.
A numerical value that quantifies the optical density of a material, indicating how quickly light travels through it compared to another medium, and determining the degree of refraction at the interface of the two materials.
A critical parameter in optics that plays a key role in understanding the behavior of light as it interacts with different substances, influencing phenomena like lens design, visual clarity, and optical phenomena such as rainbows.