The process of making an informed judgment about something that is not clearly understood, based on surrounding circumstances and available evidence.
In legal terms, it refers to the temporary acceptance of a fact as true until proven otherwise, establishing a basis for further legal arguments.
The statistical practice of estimating parameters such as averages or variances in a population, derived from data obtained from a sample.
A grammatical expression used to convey a conclusion drawn from certain grounds or evidence, often indicating a level of uncertainty regarding the truth of the statement being made.
The act of forming an opinion or belief about a situation based on incomplete information, implying that the conclusion is tentative and subject to revision as more data becomes available.
Example:
彼の死は事故だとする君の推定は間違っているようだ。
A person who, if no changes occur before a succession takes place, would be legally recognized as an heir due to their familial relationship to the deceased.
An individual who stands to inherit property or assets based on their status and position under the laws of inheritance, pending the confirmation of any will or testament.
A calculated approximation of a person’s age, often used in contexts such as law enforcement or medical examination when accurate birthdates are unknown.
The age determined based on observable characteristics or physical traits, which may not necessarily reflect the individual's actual age but provides a reasonable guess.
An assessment of someone's age derived from contextual clues or scientific methods, primarily utilized in legal or forensic situations to identify individuals.
A legal principle that guarantees an accused person the benefit of the doubt until proven guilty in a court of law.
The fundamental right of a defendant to be regarded as innocent until sufficient evidence to establish guilt is presented.
A foundational concept in criminal law that protects individuals from being treated as guilty without a fair trial and appropriate legal proceedings.
The assumption that a person is innocent and that the burden of proof lies with the prosecution to demonstrate guilt.