A linguistic system that conveys respect and politeness from the speaker toward the listener or individuals being discussed, reflecting the speaker's level of humility and regard.
A category of expressions in Japanese that includes various forms used to elevate the status of the listener or the subject, along with showing formal and courteous attitudes in communication.
A form of language that categorizes expressions according to the relationship between the speaker and the listener, emphasizing social hierarchy and manners through different types of respectful speech.
Example:
日本語には敬語があります。
A category of language that expresses respect and reverence towards the listener, referenced individual, or their actions, often by using specific words or forms that elevate their status or importance.
A linguistic feature that includes unique vocabulary or grammatical structures to denote higher social status, aiming to enhance the perception of the addressed subject in communication.
A form of polite expression used in conversations to indicate admiration for an individual’s actions or qualities, typically through specific verb conjugations, honorific prefixes, or respectful terms.
The use of language that modifies standard expressions to reflect deference and admiration towards another person, emphasizing their actions or existence in an elevated manner.
Example:
目上の人のすることについて話す時、尊敬語を使います。
A form of respectful language in Japanese that involves the excessive or incorrect use of honorifics, leading to a layered expression of politeness that can be viewed as unnecessary or confusing.
The phenomenon in which multiple layers of formal language are applied to a single expression, resulting in an exaggerated and sometimes inappropriate level of respect that may detract from clear communication.
The practice of using multiple honorifics in a single sentence, which can indicate a misunderstanding of the rules of polite speech and may come across as insincere or overly deferential.
A form of speech characterized by overly polite language often used by young part-time workers, typically in service industries, to convey a sense of respect or professionalism while potentially coming off as insincere or exaggerated.
A style of communication that reflects an attempt to sound respectful and courteous among customers, commonly employed by younger individuals in temporary jobs, which can sometimes appear contrived or lacking in authenticity.