A term used by the speaker to refer to the direction or area that is physically closer to them, often indicating a place, person, or object that is situated in that vicinity.
A more formal expression used to indicate oneself or one's group, emphasizing the speaker's personal involvement or proximity in a conversation or situation, often used in polite contexts.
A respectful reference to another individual in a conversation, indicating someone nearby of higher status or authority, while also denoting the speaker's own position relative to that person.
A term that can refer to a period of time starting from a past point up to the present, often used to indicate continuity or duration in situations or relationships.
Example:
こちらへやってくる少年とその犬をごらんなさい。
A term used to inquire about an unknown direction or location, often indicating a choice between two or more options without specifying one.
An expression used to ask for the identity of someone in a respectful manner, implying an uncertainty about the individual being referred to.
A polite way to refer to an unspecified person or party, signifying respect and formality in conversation.
A word that can be applied to both directions and identities, reflecting a sense of ambiguity or indecision regarding the person or place in question.
Example:
あの〜郵便局はどちらでしょうか。
A respectful way to address someone, often indicating a sense of distance or formality, typically used among peers or in letters to show politeness regarding the other person's residence or status.
A term used between friends or family members, particularly by a wife to her husband, conveying affection or familiarity.
A respectful third-person pronoun referring to someone, often used when discussing a person with esteem, or as an honorific address similar to "that person" or "that gentleman/lady."
Historically, this term has evolved from denoting someone’s place of residence to becoming a way to address peers with respect, albeit its use has shifted in contemporary settings, sometimes leading to misunderstandings about social hierarchy based on context.
Example:
毎晩十分な睡眠をとれば、あなたはずっと気分がよくなるだろう。
A term used to indicate a specific direction or orientation in space, often referring to geographical locations or physical orientations, such as north, south, east, or west.
A concept that denotes a particular aspect or field of interest, allowing for the classification of subjects into distinct categories or areas of study, like science, medicine, or sports.
An expression used to respectfully refer to or address multiple individuals, emphasizing collective acknowledgment and politeness, typically in a formal context.
A term representing one side of a binary or opposing relationship, often used in contexts where comparison or contrast between two entities is essential.
A reference to methods or means by which something is done, indicating the process or approach taken to achieve a certain outcome.
Example:
グリーン夫人は、私の子供たちが歌を習っている方ですが、今度の日曜に独唱会を開く予定です。
A term denoting a particular direction or orientation, often used to indicate regions or sides relative to a point of reference.
A noun representing a field or aspect of study, referring to specialized areas within different domains or disciplines.
A word that conveys the concept of one side or aspect in a comparative context, often used when discussing oppositional relationships or qualities between two entities.
A measure of methods or techniques, describing the manner in which something is done or approached.
A formal term sometimes used to refer to individuals with respect, particularly in plural contexts, to address or refer to a group politely.
Example:
ジョンのが二人のうちで背が高い。