A category or division within a field of study or knowledge, often used in educational contexts to describe specialized areas such as literature or science.
A classification in biological taxonomy that ranks above genus and below order, used to organize living organisms according to shared characteristics.
A specific branch or subdivision of a discipline, often referring to units within an academic institution or a research area.
A systematic field of study that focuses on researching specific subjects using unique methodologies and intended purposes, which accumulates universally valid knowledge derived from inductive reasoning based on verified examples rather than a disorganized compilation of facts.
An empirical pursuit aimed at understanding the laws governing specific areas of the natural or social world, characterized by its reliance on experimentations, observations, and logical deductions, leading to a coherent framework of knowledge.
An umbrella term for academic disciplines that encompass specialized fields of study, which is traditionally categorized into natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities, with a narrower interpretation often referring to the natural sciences specifically.
Example:
科学は観察に基づいている。
To impose a penalty or punishment, such as requiring someone to pay a fine or undertake labor as a consequence of their actions.
To officially designate a form of punishment or sanction, typically involving legal ramifications for a wrongdoing.
Example:
裁判官は彼に重い罰金を科せるのだろうか。
A specific area of study within an educational curriculum, designed to guide learning objectives and content, such as language arts or science, often outlined in systematic courses in schools.
An organized set of learning materials and experiences systematically categorized for educational purposes, encompassing a range of academic disciplines from mathematics to social studies.
A framework for instructional content in educational settings that delineates different fields of knowledge, aimed at achieving particular educational goals and competencies.
Example:
どの教科が一番好きですか。
A written resource used in educational settings, specifically designed to provide structured content for subjects taught in schools, encompassing various topics and educational objectives.
A central book that serves as the primary material for teaching and learning particular subjects, often organized according to an established curriculum.
A guide designed for students that includes explanations, exercises, and information necessary for understanding specific academic disciplines, commonly utilized in formal education environments.
Example:
教科書はどうしたらいいんでしょうか。