A historical period characterized by significant social and economic transformations, particularly following the decline of feudalism and the rise of capitalism, associated with the influence of Western civilization, especially in Japan from the Meiji Restoration to the end of World War II.
An era that reflects the values and ideals of rational thought, individual freedom, and a shift away from traditional authority, often marked by advancements in technology and urbanization.
A contemporary phase of history that encompasses the cultural and artistic movements influenced by Western styles, including modern literature and theatre, emphasizing personal expression and realistic portrayals of social issues.
Example:
トムには近代絵画の鑑賞能力がある。
The process by which a society transitions from traditional systems and values, characterized by feudalism and rigid social structures, to a more rational, scientific, and democratic framework that emphasizes individual freedom and modern functionality in various aspects of life.
A transformative shift in social relations and human values, wherein outdated customs and practices are replaced by contemporary methods and ideologies that prioritize efficiency, personal autonomy, and democratic principles.
The adaptation and evolution of societal norms and practices towards a contemporary state that reflects the influence of modern advancements, particularly those stemming from Western civilization post-Meiji era, focusing on enhancing individual rights and modern efficiencies.
Example:
ほとんどの場合、近代化は西欧化と同一のものとみなされる。
A collective term for the established systems of natural science developed in Europe, which evolved from Greek and medieval natural philosophy, characterized by a non-anthropomorphic view of nature and matter, utilizing mathematical and quantitative methods, hypotheses, deduction, and experimentation.
The body of scientific knowledge and methodologies that emerged in Europe from the mid-16th century onward, marking a significant departure from earlier philosophical approaches to understanding the natural world, with formal development continuing into the 19th century.
An umbrella term encompassing the modern approaches to natural science that prioritize empirical evidence and systematic experimentation, distinguishing itself from traditional sciences of regions such as China and the Arab world.
Example:
近代科学技術はなぜ中国で発展しなかったのだろうか。
Characterized by the attributes or trends associated with the modern era, reflecting new ways of thinking that prioritize rationality and individual freedom, while moving away from feudalistic or traditional views.
Exhibiting a fresh or innovative quality that was not present in earlier periods, often linked to advancements in technology, efficiency, and mechanization in society.
Displaying a mindset that respects human individuality and personal expression, in contrast to previous outdated ideologies, and integrates modern social and cultural practices.
Example:
近代的方法で産業は向上した。
A political entity that emerged following the breakdown of medieval feudal states and early modern absolutist regimes, characterized by a centralized government and a structured administrative system representing the populace.
A sovereign nation founded on principles of national representation, featuring a parliament, a unified legal framework, and a standing army based on national identity, emphasizing rational governance and public order.
A contemporary form of governance that integrates democratic institutions, systematic law enforcement, and organized civil services to ensure organized administration and civic participation in decision-making processes.